1.4.2 Digital Editing
A revolution swept the film and video industries in the 1900s. It has become commonplace to store program elements in digital form instead of using analog film. Digital representations have the advantage of being able to be copied with no image degradation. It is often cost-effective to transcribe the images into digital ones. Digital manipulation of the images is a natural capability to incorporate into any system.
In the old days
Editing sequences of an image together to create a new presentation is useful for digital image manipulation. Originally, film sequences were edited together physically. This is an example of nonlinear editing, where sequences can be inserted in any order at any time. However, splicing(nonlinear editing) is a time-consuming process and a heavy burden on the stock.
Electronic editing allows the manipulation of images as electronic signals. The standard configuration uses two source videotape players, a switching box, and an output videotape recorder. More advanced configurations include a character generator and special effects generator, and the switching box is replaced by an editing station. The two source tapes are searched to locate the initial desired sequence; the tape deck that is found is selected for recording on the output deck and the sequence is recorded. The use of two-source tapes allows multiple sources to be more easily integrated. Because the output is assembled in sequential order, this is referred to as linear editing. The linear assembly is considered the main drawback of this technique. Electronic editing also has the drawback that the material is copied in the editing process, introducing some image degradation. Another drawback is the amount of wear on the source material. As the source tapes are repeatedly played and rewound.
Copies of the source are used to avoid excessive wear of the original source material. This is called offline editing. The result of this stage is an edit decision list(EDL) that needs to be made to assemble the final piece. The EDL is then passed to the online editing stage to create the finished piece. This process is referred to as conforming.
To keep track of edit locations, control track pulses can be incorporated into the tape used to assemble the 30 fps NTSC video signal. A simple editing system that is called control track editing counts the pulses. However, the continual shuffling of the tape and rewinding of the editing process can result in losing the count of the pulses. Because the edit counts are relative to the current tape location, the edit locations are lost when the editing station is turned off.
The process described so far is called assemble editing. Insert editing is possible if a control signal is first laid down on the output tape. Then sequences can be inserted anywhere on the tape. This provides nonlinear editing capability, but it is still not possible to lengthen or shorten a sequence without repositioning other sequences to compensate for the change.
Digital online nonlinear editing
To incorporate a more flexible nonlinear approach, fully digital editing systems have become more accessible. Analog tape may be used as the source and final product, but everything between is digitally represented and controlled.
After a sequence has been digitized, an icon representing it can be dragged onto a timeline. Sequences can be placed relative to one another; they can be repeated, cut short, overlapped, etc.
The positioning of the elements in the time timeline is conceptual only; data in the digital image store is not actually copied or moved. The output sequence can be played back if the disk random access and graphics display are fast enough to fetch and compile the separate tracks. In the case of overlapping sequences with transitions, a digital store must support the access of multiple tracks simultaneously. So the transition sequence needs to be precomputed(rendering). When the sequence is finalized it can be assembled and stored digitally or recorded on video. The flexibility of this approach changes edits and tries alternatives making the digital editing system very powerful.
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